Typical coaching engagements begin with assessments (e.g., personality, 360-degree feedback) coupled with telephone interviews with selected colleagues. A feedback and goal-setting session is then held, followed by six to eight months of ongoing coaching using a variety of media (e.g., telephone, in-person meetings and e-mail).

For these reasons, executive coaching has emerged as a popular leadership development tool. Executive coaching is a practical, goal-focused form of one-on-one development. Each engagement is custom-designed, focusing on a leader's particular development goals.

Leadership development programs overlook context and teach leadership as if one size fits all. Leadership development focuses on changing behavior rather than addressing underlying mindsets that are at the root of problematic behavior.

Practicing professionals, adult learners, participate in leadership training programs for retraining or reskilling or in preparation to assume leadership roles. Unfortunately, this training, both at organizational and university levels, does not appear to result in better organizational performance and organizations do not see a consistent return on investment ([ 1]). Without an application of what they have learned, there is no successful transfer of learning as a result of participating in these leadership programs ([ 3]).

Several reasons have been identified to explain the inability of leadership programs to consistently effect change. The overarching problem may be the design of the leadership programs themselves. Usually, a person might participate in a week-long leadership development retreat or enroll in leadership courses at universities. They are taught the theories of leadership within closed classroom environments and presented with case studies to encourage application of knowledge. Within this model, unfortunately, the content is typically dissociated from the context and a "one size fits all" approach is adopted. This approach does not account for the corporate culture that is unique to every organization, even every department. In addition, there is often a lot of emphasis on theory that is disconnected from action, and thus participants find it difficult to apply their new knowledge and skills within their actual work environments ([ 1]). Furthermore, these leadership development programs require participants to take time off work and, in some cases, travel. Such time commitment can be prohibitive for many working adults and many find themselves unable to participate.

eadership practicum course, for working adults, based on Kolb's experiential learning theory (ELT; [ 9]) and enhanced by expert coaching.

The District Court ruled in respondent's favor on the question of liability, holding that petitioner had unlawfully discriminated against her on the basis of sex by consciously giving credence and effect to partners' comments about her that resulted from sex stereotyping.

he Court of Appeals affirmed. Both courts held that an employer who has allowed a discriminatory motive to play a part in an employment decision must prove by clear and convincing evidence that it would have made the same decision in the absence of discrimination, and that petitioner had not carried this burden.

(3) Plans for compensation (4) Capital structure decisions. (5) Accounting control.

Digital SC twins are defined as ‘computerized models that represent the network state for any given moment in time’ (Ivanov and Dolgui, 2021c).

First, the system complexity in digital twins is higher as in simulation models. The digital SC twins are comprised of multiple layers such as network structure, flows, process control algorithms, and operational parameters. Second, data in the digital twins is updated through connectivity with external systems and databases. Third, integration of digital twins into decision-making is much higher as compared to models.

Simulation and optimization models are important parts of digital twins whereby digital twins can offer more functions for decision-making support as classical offline modelling, e.g., performance analysis of suppliers, updating SC data in ERP systems, and comparison of the existing processes with the optimal ones. Digital twins allow for both computations of some numerical outcomes and an extended analysis of bottlenecks, comparison of different options, and analysis of resilience investments. A digital SC twin is a part of SC management toolbox, control towers, and decision-making support at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Besides, data-driven modelling in digital twins allows using artificial intelligence in order to support decision-making by so called dispatch advisors or digital companions. For example, a decision-maker can ask the digital twin to find all current shortages in the SC and suggest possible ways to resolve these problems. In the next step, the shortage data can be used for optimization and simulation to develop most appropriate action plans.

BCT positively influences supply chain resilience strategies, particularly through collaboration, agility, velocity and visibility (Kalla et al., 2020; Lohmer et al., 2020; Min, 2019).

A blockchain network has no central authority. Since it is a shared and immutable ledger, the information in it is open for participants in the supply chain to access and see. This situation creates transparency and is a crucial tenet of traceability necessary for global supply chain management and can aid in localization efforts.

However, modern supply chains were designed in an era of lean management and globalization, and they now face the challenge of adapting to these revolutionary trends (Dolgui et al. 2020b).

During the pandemic, companies have dealt extensively with the concept of resilience, which has become one of the central sup-ply chain management perspectives

Christopher and Lee (2004) have pointed to visibility as one of the key determinants in managing supply chain risks. The real implementation of supply chain visibility began with the digitalization of supply chains.

It expl

It conducts an analysis of SCs stages, phases, and manifestations regarding the consequences, opportunities, and developments induced by the pandemic.

According to Institute of Supply Management (ISM), about 75% of the companies reported supply chain (SC) disruptions, 80% expected some kind of disruptions in the near future, 62% reported delays in receiving goods, and 53% of firms reported difficulties in getting information from China (McCrea, 2020a, 2020b).

An AI-facilitated supply chain helps systematically develop resilience in its structure and network. Resilient supply chains in dynamic settings and during extreme disruption scenarios are capable of recognising (sensing risks, degree of localisation, failure modes and data trends), analysing (what-if scenarios, realistic customer demand, stress test simulation and constraints), reconfiguring (automation, re-alignment of a network, tracking effort, physical security threats and control) and activating (establishing operating rules, contingency management, managing demand volatility and mitigating supply chain shock) operations quickly

Firms that have invested in strengthening their network, flexibility and resiliency features can adjust rapidly in stressful times (Belhadi et al., 2021; Ivanov and Dolgui, 2020). Supply chain resilience can help different departments integrate and meet market demands to gain a competitive edge. Resilient features of a supply chain help with faster growth in a market shift scenario.

AI facilitates design thinking of business systems without the interference of human beings and learns from information to build insights. AI can help businesses identify the weak links in their supply chains and invest in the right practices (Wamba and Akter, 2019). AI is capable of developing the right products by extracting customer expectations at a faster rate, sensing the market, using failure modes, optimising internal and external supply chains and engaging the workforce to become creative by automating business processes (Jabbour et al., 2020). AI has been continuously adopted by organisations ranging from manufacturing to e-commerce to address supply chain issues.