.

This is different than having a mood disorder, such as MDD or BD, which are characterized by a constellation of symptoms that causes people significant distress or impairs their everyday functioning.

Major Depressive Episode

most impairing forms of psychopathology

negative effect on the individual’s educational, occupational, and social function.

The spectrum of psychotic disorders includes schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, as well as psychosis associated with substance use or medical conditions.

Operant conditioning research studies how the effects of a behavior influence the probability that it will occur again.

according to Thorndike’s law of effect, when a behavior has a positive (satisfying) effect or consequence, it is likely to be repeated in the future.

when a behavior has a negative (painful/annoying) consequence, it is less likely to be repeated in the future.