Most children (in places like the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom) will stop napping between the ages of 3 and 5 years.

Going outside is a great way to keep your child awake, as both activity and sunlight prevent unwanted naps.

For example, when she first wakes up from a nap, give her a feed.

Then spend some time playing with her or letting her play on a mat. When she looks tired (yawning, jerking her arms and legs, clenching her fists, frowning and  – late signs – fussing and crying), then pick her up, wrap her if you are using a wrap (swaddle), and take her into the bedroom. Once there, gently rock her in your arms until she is calm but not completely asleep. Try putting her in her cot (crib or bassinet) drowsy but awake. If she screams or cries, try stroking her forehead or patting her chest while she is in the cot. Try each technique for at least 5 minutes before swapping to the next technique. Make sure the room is fairly dark too.

If she is still crying after 30 minutes or so, pick her up out of the cot and try again for her next sleep.

We have excellent data showing that either ICS/formoterol or ICS/albuterol for rescue is superior.

For every 63 infants who regularly consume complementary foods at age 3 months, 1 case of food allergy will be prevented at age 3 years.

The most common MSS lesions were “simple dimple” (125 infants), defined as a soft tissue depression ≤25 mm above the anus (regardless of size or depth), and deviated gluteal fold (DGF; 53 infants), defined as any abnormal gluteal fold (including bifid or split gluteal cleft) without an underlying mass. These lesions were considered low-risk findings. Of the remaining MSS, dermal melanosis and light hair were also considered low-risk findings.

Other discolorations, hypertrichosis, pedunculated skin tags, and midline masses were considered high-risk findings.

Of the 157 infants with low-risk skin stigmata (isolated simple dimple, isolated DGF, both lesions, or either lesion with other low-risk lesions), none had abnormal US findings (6 images were excluded because of poor quality).

It is not known to linger in the air and is not transmitted during short periods of shared airspace.

Use positive language to guide your baby. For example, say, "Time to sit," rather than, "Don't stand."

Save the word, "no," for the most important issues, like safety. Limit the need to say "no" by putting dangerous or tempting objects out of reach.

The lower the grade of reflux, the more likely it is to go away. The average age for this to happen is 5 to 6 years.

In environments in warmer climates where large numbers of people do not have access to plumbing or latrines, the amount of stool contamination in the environment will be higher and more accessible to flies.

Antibiotics are effective in reducing the duration of diarrhea by about a day in cases caused by bacterial pathogens that are susceptible to the particular antibiotic prescribed.

However, there are concerns about adverse consequences of using antibiotics to treat TD. Travelers who take antibiotics may acquire resistant organisms such as ESBL-producing organisms, resulting in potential harm to travelers—particularly those who are immunosuppressed or women who may be prone to urinary tract infections—and the possibility of introducing these resistant bacteria into the community.

Conclusion: UTI occurred in 5.2% of our cohort of >150 patients. As post-RALP antibiotic use was not associated with lower UTI rates, prophylactic antibiotics may be reserved for patients with risk factors. A standardized care pathway could safely reduce unnecessary utilization of UA/UCx and antibiotics.