Understanding Means Appreciating

According to intergroup contact theory, interactions among individuals of different races and ethnicities lead to positive intergroup contact, such as the formation of cross-group friendships (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006, 2008).

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Oct 18, 2021

Hebrews 10:24-25 “And let us consider how we may spur one another on toward love and good deeds, not giving up meeting together, as some are in the habit of doing, but encouraging one another—and all the more as you see the Day approaching.”

African Canadian artists, feeling marginalized from the mainstream artistic community, have created their own unique music, writing, poetry and painting. Many looked to their African roots for inspiration, vision and identity. Toronto is one of the largest centres for African music in North America, with each region of Africa contributing its own distinct, rich musical tradition.

Creole woman with black servant, New Orleans, 1867

Women’s suffrage (or franchise) is the right of women to vote in political elections; campaigns for this right generally included demand for the right to run for public office. The women’s suffrage movement was a decades-long struggle to address fundamental issues of equity and justice. Women in Canada, particularly Asian and Indigenous women, met strong resistance as they struggled for basic human rights, including suffrage. Representative of more than justice in politics, suffrage represented hopes for improvements in education, healthcare and employment as well as an end to violence against women. For non-white women, gaining the vote also meant fighting against racial injustices.

After enslavement was abolished in 1834, Black women and men were not officially excluded as a group from the Canadian franchise.

Early suffragists were typically white, middle-class women, many of whom believed that suffrage would increase the influence of their class and result in a better country. Many of these suffragists were not inclusive, however, and even advocated against non-white women getting the vote. Nonetheless, there were non-white advocates who fought for women’s suffrage such as Black abolitionists like Mary Ann Shadd. Shadd edited the Provincial Freeman and advocated for women’s rights. Suffrage was also supported by unionists, socialists and temperance activists.

Between 1800 and 1920, a small number of Jamaicans and Barbadians immigrated as labourers to work in the Cape Breton and Sydney mines. (See History of Labour Migration to Canada.) Before 1960, the few immigrants who did arrive from the Caribbean region came from the British colonies, especially Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad, and Bermuda.

Jamaican immigrants introduced Rastafarianism to Canada. Jamaicans also introduced reggae music, which originated in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica. A blend of African musical traditions and rhythm and blues, reggae was born during the 1960s and spread to England and America. People from Trinidad and Tobago introduced carnival, calypso music, and soca music, which is a genre of music that grew out of a marginalized subculture in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 1970s. Soca blends calypso with chutney, cadence, funk and soul (see also Caribbean Music in Canada). There are several annual festivals held throughout Canada that celebrate Caribbean culture. These include the Toronto Caribbean Carnival, Cariwest in Edmonton, Caribbean Days in North Vancouver, Carifest in Calgary, Carifiesta in Montreal, Durham Caribbean Festival, Jerkfest in Toronto, Scarborough AfroCarib Fest, Irie Music Festival in Mississauga and the Caribbean Tales International Film Festival in Toronto.