. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is initially characterized by a range of mild symptoms, including fever, cough, dyspnoea and myalgia2. In part, these symptoms are caused by the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to replicate efficiently in the upper respiratory tract. Although most individuals subsequently resolve the infection, the disease may also progress to severe pneumoni

olidarity’ trials, the WHO has launched a global campaign to test therapeutic agents and vaccines on an unprecedented scal

lack of appropriate receptors to initiate viral infectio

An ideal animal model should be permissive to infection and be able to mimic the clinical pathology of the disease observed in humans

ese models play a crucial role in studying host–virus interactions that contribute to disease pathogenesis and transmission.

Ferrets are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but they are unable to produce clinical signs and symptoms with the same degree of severity as seen in humans.

e rhesus macaque recapitulates the moderate disease that has been observed in the majority of human cases of COVID-19. The establishment of the rhesus macaque as a model of COVID-19 will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease, and aid in the development and testing of medical countermeasures.

Notably, the aged mice show marked decrease in weight loss and more severe pathology with increased neutrophil infiltration than those in the young ones, consistent with the clinical symptoms observed in COVID-19 patient

K18-hACE2 mice could develop anosmia at early time points after infection,34 followed by virus neuroinvasion that occurs in mice through the olfactory neuroepithelium or eye in a manner that virus transports only partially depending on hACE2,32, 38 a mechanism observed in COVID-19 patient

terestingly, the male mice show a higher lethality compared to the female ones, perhaps because of the association with the higher level of inflammatory cytokines

Consistent with virus isolation, the animals had pulmonary pathology indicative of interstitial pneumonia and representative of mild human disease. In these and other studies using cynomolgus macaques a range of clinical illness has been reported with observations ranging from skin rash, decreased activity, cough, and respiratory distress, to an absence of clinical dise

o date, a large number of animal models for COVID-19, including mice, hamsters, minks and nonhuman primates, have been established. Infectious diseases produce unique manifestations according to the characteristics of the pathogen and modes of infection. Here we classified animal model resources around the infection route of SARS-CoV-2, and s

wer respiratory symptoms with the most common clinical signs being respiratory symptoms such as cough, sputum, sore throat, runny nose, earache, wheezing, and chest pain. In addition to the lungs, the virus damages other tissues, including heart, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system and can manifest as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, anosmia, and delusions. Up to 80% of patients with laboratory-confirmed cases have mild to moderate disease.

Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2,13 and this was used to identify the animal species range that could be establis