you should use examples from the work

Melanin biosynthesis is required for normal vision

However, other intracellular organelles, known as Ca2+ stores, can accumulate Ca2+ and maintain a higher [Ca2+] than the cytoplasm (1-5×10-4M). The main internal Ca2+ store is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in muscle cells, the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The low [Ca2+]c is maintained through the action of the plasma membrane Ca2+ transport ATPase (PMCA) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in a resting cell

Upon elevated [Ca2+]c, this activity is complemented by the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) that fills the ER/SR Ca2+ store and to a lesser extent, by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (mtCU).

including the role of calcium stores in synaptic plasticity

Apparently, there is increasing evidence for a crucial role of calcium stores, especially of the ryanodine species, in synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival

here an excess calcium concentration triggers cascades of molecular events leading to these changes.

the role of Ca 2+ as a major regulator of cell function has never been in question.

possess voltage-activated calcium channels capable of allowing substantial amounts of Ca 2+ to enter the cell when the membrane is depolarised.

Clinically used drugs that act directly on some forms of calcium channel include the group of ‘Ca 2+ antagonists’ consisting of dihydropyridines (e.g. nifedipine ), verapamil and diltiazem (used for their cardiovascular effects; see Chs 22 and 23 ), and gabapentin and pregabalin (used to treat epilepsy, pain and anxiety; see 43, 45, 46 ).

Drug affinity is both voltage- and use-dependent

pathophysiological processes, including pain and epilepsy.

LA drugs are also useful as antiarrhythmic agents for short-term use for suppression of cardiac excitability during rapid arrhythmias, and they can be lifesaving in acute ischemia

To date, nine Nav1 channel subtypes named Nav1.1 through Nav1.9 have been cloned.

produce muscle contraction enabling body movements and blood flow.

The role of Nav channels in neuronal and cardiac disorders has long been known, and nonselective sodium channel blockers have been developed as anticonvulsant, antiarrhythmic, and local anesthetic drugs in the past

Close examination of the SE-pHluorin signal (Fig. 4I) shows that it is not elevated by 50% until ∼40 ms after the nerve stimulus

it revealed that postsynaptic Ca2+ transients coincided with cleft pH transients and was subsequently deployed to establish the degree to which the two signals were correlated

the correlation of the cleft pH signal with the postsynaptic Ca2+ signal

ensures fast depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, allowing high-fidelity propagation of impulses between nerve cells.

At some synapses, AMPARs can also mediate calcium influx directly, triggering various forms of postsynaptic plasticity

ubunit-specific AMPAR trafficking, a process that drives synaptic plasticity

Stargazin Is the First Auxiliary Subunit of a Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channel. Stargazin interacts directly with all four AMPA receptor subunits and drastically enhances the efficiency of AMPA receptor surface trafficking (16, 19).

luster at the postsynaptic density (PSD)

cytoplasmic tails of AMPA receptor subunits.