Stereotypic behaviours (SBs) are repetitive behaviours induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, or central nervous system dysfunction and

One of the greatest problems in the intensive production of pigs is tail biting. Taylor et al. [8] described the different motivations for performing this behavior. The factors that may influence the expression of tail biting are as follows: improper diet, an absence or delay of food provision, gastrointestinal discomfort, poor health, genotype, too large density, and unfavorable microclimate conditions. An important factor that may lead to a higher frequency of this behavior is also the lack of a substrate or object to manipulate in the pigs’ surroundings [7,8].

Stereotypies are defined as a simple ritualized, non-functional, repetitive behaviors

environmental enrichment canbe broadly thought of as the addition of stimuli or provision of choice that results in theimprovement of animal well-being (but see Section 3).

The incidence of new cases and mortality has been steadily declining for the past years, except for younger adults (younger than 50 years), possibly related to an increase in cancer screening and better therapy modalities. This activity outlines the etiology, epidemiology, clinical staging and stage-wise treatment of colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer had a low incidence several decades ago. However, it has become a predominant cancer and now accounts for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality in western countries.

The ‘rise’ of colorectal cancer in developed countries can be attributed to the increasingly ageing population, unfavourable modern dietary habits and an increase in risk factors such as smoking, low physical exercise and obesity. N

. Despite advances in surgical and medical therapies, cure rates and long-term survival have changed little in the past several decades. Against this background, and given that colorectal cancer is preceded by a polypoid precursor (Figure 1), screening programmes for early detection have gained momentum.

Stem cell therapy is a novel therapeutic approach that utilizes the unique properties of stem cells, including self-renewal and differentiation, to regenerate damaged cells and tissues in the human body or replace these cells with new, healthy and fully functional cells by delivering exogenous cells into a patient.7

Adult stem cells are located in specialized vascular microenvironments, referred to as the stem cell niche