Acetylcholine in the accumbens is decreased by diazepam

and increased by benzodiazepine withdrawal

a possible mechanism for dependency

Testosterone is related to GABA+ levels in the posterior-cingulate in unmedicated depressed women during reproductive life

Evidence suggests that testosterone has anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.

A relation between testosterone and GABA has been observed in animal models.

Adenosine receptor agonists are anxiolytic while adenosine A1 and A2A receptor antagonists such as caffeine can cause anxiety.

Adenosine Signaling in Anxiety

Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of A1 and A2A receptors suggests that each contributes separately to the regulation of anxious states.

Lower risk of anxiety and depressionIn one 2018 studyTrusted Source of over 3,000 adults, those who drank more water had a lower risk of anxiety and depression than those who drank less water.

Though the connection between dehydration and depression was stronger, researchers found that anxiety was higher in those who didn’t drink enough water.

Mood improves with more water intakeIn a smaller 2014 studyTrusted Source, researchers explored how increasing or decreasing water intake affected mood in people with different water-drinking habits. They found that people who usually drink lots of water felt less calm, less content, and more tense when their water intake dropped. When researchers increased the participants’ water intake, people in the study felt more happiness, no matter how much water they normally drank.

Inhibition of Magnolol and Honokiol on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

MN inhibited

human CYP3A4

3A4

The inhibitory potentials of honokiol on eight major human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes

These in vitro results indicate that honokiol has the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions

Theanine is similar to glutamate, a naturally occurring amino acid. Glutamate helps transmit nerve impulses in the brain. Theanine sometimes acts like glutamate in the body.

But other times it seems to block the effects of glutamate

Theanine is an amino acid found in tea and some mushrooms

Acetylcholine normally enhances cortical sensitivity to external stimuli and decreases corticocortical communication, increasing focused attention.

However, increases in ACh signaling can lead to symptoms related to anxiety and depression.

For example, while stress-induced ACh release can result in adaptive responses to environmental stimuli, chronic elevations in cholinergic signaling may produce maladaptive behaviors.

Acetylcholine induced epicardial and microvascular spasm causes myocardial ischemia

in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries

Coronary microvascular (MV) dysfunction plays a pathogenic role in patients with angina pectoris

Autonomic Regulation

The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Exercise, and Pain

Oxidative stress can be induced by various stimuli and altered in certain conditions, including exercise and pain